21 Easy No-Bake Summer Desserts: Simple Recipes for Every Occasion

Summer heat makes turning on your oven a terrible idea. You still want dessert, but you do not want to sweat while making it. Enter the no-bake dessert. These recipes save time, keep your kitchen cool, and deliver massive flavor.

Section 1 — No-Bake Cheesecakes and Pies

You get all the rich, creamy texture of a classic cheesecake or pie without the dreaded water baths or baking times.

1. The Classic No-Bake Vanilla Cheesecake

This creamy treat brings pure comfort to your table. You can make it easily since it sets up well in your fridge. Crisp graham crackers form a buttery foundation for the smooth filling. Fresh raspberries on top add a bright pop of color and tartness. Everyone loves this simple dessert after a long summer day. You will find it hard to stop at just one slice.

Ingredients

  • 16 oz cream cheese, softened
  • 1 cup powdered sugar
  • 1 cup heavy whipping cream
  • 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
  • 1 pre-made graham cracker crust

Instructions

  1. Beat the heavy cream in a bowl until stiff peaks form.
  2. Mix the cream cheese, powdered sugar, and vanilla in a separate large bowl until smooth.
  3. Fold the whipped cream gently into the cream cheese mixture.
  4. Spoon the filling into the graham cracker crust and smooth the top.
  5. Chill the pie in the refrigerator for at least four hours before slicing.
NutritionAmount per Serving
Calories420
Protein5g
Carbs34g
Fat30g

2. The Zesty Lemon Icebox Pie

Bright citrus flavors make this dessert feel refreshing during hot summer days. You enjoy a smooth filling that balances tartness with sweet notes. Golden graham cracker crumbs create a crunchy base for the airy topping. Swirls of whipped cream s

it gracefully on top, finished with fresh lemon slices and zest. Guests love the zesty kick in every single bite. Making this treat requires little effort because the fridge handles the work. You simply mix, assemble, and wait for it to chill before serving.

Ingredients

  • 1 can (14 oz) sweetened condensed milk
  • 1/2 cup fresh lemon juice
  • 1 tablespoon lemon zest
  • 1 cup heavy whipping cream
  • 1 vanilla wafer crust

Instructions

  1. Whisk the sweetened condensed milk, lemon juice, and lemon zest together.
  2. Whip the heavy cream into soft peaks in a separate bowl.
  3. Fold the whipped cream into the lemon mixture.
  4. Pour the bright filling into the vanilla wafer crust.
  5. Refrigerate the pie overnight to allow the acid to thicken the filling.
NutritionAmount per Serving
Calories380
Protein6g
Carbs45g
Fat18g

3. The Chocolate Peanut Butter Swirl Tart

This decadent dessert brings together the bold duo of chocolate and peanut butter. You get a crunchy chocolate crust that holds a velvety peanut butter filling. 

Swirls of rich dark chocolate ganache run through the top to create a stunning look. Every mouthful offers a balance of salty and sweet flavors. Guests find this treat impossible to resist on warm afternoons.

Preparing it takes only a few simple steps in your kitchen. Letting it set in the fridge ensures the texture remains firm and smooth. You will love how easy this looks to serve but tastes like a gourmet bakery creation.

Ingredients

  • 1 Oreo cookie crust
  • 1 cup creamy peanut butter
  • 8 oz cream cheese, softened
  • 1 cup powdered sugar
  • 1/2 cup chocolate ganache

Instructions

  1. Warm the creamy peanut butter in the microwave for 20 seconds.
  2. Beat the warm peanut butter, cream cheese, and powdered sugar until completely smooth.
  3. Spread the mixture evenly into the Oreo crust.
  4. Pour the warm chocolate ganache over the top and swirl with a knife.
  5. Chill the tart for two hours until the chocolate sets hard.
NutritionAmount per Serving
Calories510
Protein12g
Carbs48g
Fat34g

4. The Key Lime Pie Dip

Zesty lime flavors shine through this refreshing snack. You get a smooth, tangy cream that mimics a classic pie without any baking.

Fresh lime zest adds a vibrant pop of color and aroma. Crispy vanilla wafers provide the base for scooping up all that goodness.

Serving this at your next outdoor gathering brings excitement to your dessert table. Everyone enjoys how light it feels after a heavy meal. 

Ingredients

  • 8 oz cream cheese, softened
  • 1 jar (7 oz) marshmallow fluff
  • 1/4 cup key lime juice
  • 1 teaspoon lime zest
  • Vanilla wafers for dipping

Instructions

  1. Place the cream cheese into a large mixing bowl.
  2. Beat the cream cheese until it becomes light and fluffy.
  3. Add the marshmallow fluff, key lime juice, and lime zest.
  4. Blend the mixture until no lumps remain.
  5. Serve in a chilled bowl alongside the vanilla wafers.
NutritionAmount per Serving
Calories210
Protein2g
Carbs30g
Fat9g

5. The No-Bake Chocolate Hazelnut Cheesecake

Rich layers of chocolate and hazelnut define this impressive dessert. A crunchy cocoa cookie base supports a light, nutty cheesecake center that melts in your mouth.

Smooth dark chocolate ganache cascades over the sides, creating a beautiful finish. You top the cake with toasted hazelnut pieces and chocolate truffles for extra texture.

Serving this brings a sense of luxury to your summer gatherings. Everyone appreciates the bold flavor profile in every slice. 

Ingredients

  • 1 1/2 cups crushed chocolate cookies
  • 1/4 cup melted butter
  • 16 oz cream cheese, softened
  • 1 cup hazelnut spread
  • 1 cup heavy whipping cream
  • 1/2 cup chocolate ganache
  • Toasted hazelnuts and chocolate truffles for garnish

Instructions

  1. Mix crushed cookies with melted butter and press into a pan.
  2. Beat the cream cheese and hazelnut spread until smooth.
  3. Whip the heavy cream and fold it into the hazelnut mixture.
  4. Spread the filling over the crust and chill for four hours.
  5. Pour the ganache over the top and add garnishes before serving.
NutritionAmount per Serving
Calories490
Protein8g
Carbs40g
Fat35g
Credit: @margot_fait_maison

Section 2 — Icebox Cakes and Trifles

Icebox cakes perform magic. You layer crunchy cookies with whipped cream, leave them in the fridge, and wake up to a soft, cake-like masterpiece.

6. The Famous Strawberry Icebox Cake

Fresh berries turn this dessert into a true summer showstopper. You create stunning layers by stacking crisp graham crackers with thick, homemade whipped cream. 

Sweet strawberries sit between each layer, soaking into the crackers as they chill in your fridge. Time works its magic here as the ingredients soften into a cake-like texture. 

Every slice reveals beautiful, vibrant colors that look amazing on a serving platter. Friends and family will ask for seconds when they see the gorgeous patterns inside.

Ingredients

  • 2 sleeves graham crackers
  • 3 cups fresh sliced strawberries
  • 2 cups heavy whipping cream
  • 1/4 cup powdered sugar
  • 1 teaspoon vanilla extract

Instructions

  1. Whip the heavy cream, powdered sugar, and vanilla into stiff peaks.
  2. Spread a thin layer of the whipped cream on the bottom of a 9×13 baking dish.
  3. Lay down a flat layer of graham crackers.
  4. Top the crackers with whipped cream and a layer of sliced strawberries.
  5. Repeat the layers three times and refrigerate for six hours.
NutritionAmount per Serving
Calories310
Protein3g
Carbs28g
Fat22g
Credit:@food52

7. Classic Banana Pudding

Hosting a summer barbecue feels incomplete without this Southern staple. You layer sweet vanilla pudding with ripe banana slices and crunchy cookies.

Nilla Wafers soften once they sit with the creamy mixture, creating a lovely texture that melts away. Whipped cream sits on top to provide a light finish.

Children especially enjoy helping with the assembly of these individual portions. You only need a few minutes to build each cup before placing them in your fridge.  

Ingredients

  • 1 box instant vanilla pudding mix
  • 2 cups cold milk
  • 1 can sweetened condensed milk
  • 4 ripe bananas, sliced
  • 1 box Nilla Wafers

Instructions

  1. Whisk the cold milk and vanilla pudding mix in a large bowl until thick.
  2. Stir the sweetened condensed milk into the pudding.
  3. Place a few Nilla Wafers at the bottom of each glass.
  4. Add a layer of sliced bananas, then pour the pudding over the top.
  5. Repeat the layers and chill for four hours before serving.
NutritionAmount per Serving
Calories360
Protein6g
Carbs62g
Fat10g
Credit:@marthastewart

8. Summer Berry Trifle

Store-bought ingredients make this centerpiece effortless. You just chop, layer, and serve. Vibrant red strawberries and deep blue berries create a stunning look when showcased in a clear glass bowl.

Soft angel food cake cubes soak up the pudding and fruit juices, resulting in a moist bite. Whipped cream provides a light, airy contrast to the dense fruit layers. Guests always admire the towering design on a serving table.  

Ingredients

  • 1 store-bought angel food cake, cubed
  • 2 cups instant vanilla pudding, prepared
  • 1 cup fresh blueberries
  • 1 cup fresh raspberries
  • 2 cups whipped cream
  • 1 cup sliced strawberries

Instructions

  1. Cut the angel food cake into one-inch cubes.
  2. Place half of the cake cubes into the bottom of a large glass trifle bowl.
  3. Spoon half of the vanilla pudding over the cake.
  4. Add an even layer of berries.
  5. Repeat the layers, top with a massive cloud of whipped cream, and serve immediately.
NutritionAmount per Serving
Calories280
Protein4g
Carbs48g
Fat8g
Credit:@cookingclassy

9. The No-Bake Mocha Coffee Layer Cake

Layers of coffee-soaked cookies create a bold base for this elegant treat. You get a smooth, creamy custard filling that contrasts nicely with the bitter notes of dark chocolate. 

Glazed tops provide a glossy finish that catches the light beautifully. Serving this cake brings a sophisticated touch to any warm evening gathering. Everyone enjoys the complex blend of caffeine and cocoa in every mouthful. 

Ingredients

  • 1 package chocolate wafer cookies
  • 1 cup strong brewed coffee, cooled
  • 8 oz cream cheese, softened
  • 1 cup mascarpone cheese
  • 1/2 cup powdered sugar
  • 1 cup chocolate ganache

Instructions

  1. Dip each cookie into the cold coffee for two seconds.
  2. Arrange a single layer of cookies in a square pan.
  3. Beat the cream cheese, mascarpone, and sugar until creamy.
  4. Spread half the cheese mixture over the cookies.
  5. Repeat the layers, top with ganache, and chill for six hours.
NutritionAmount per Serving
Calories410
Protein6g
Carbs42g
Fat24g
Credit: @muyricoabuela

10. Creamy Mango Yogurt Parfait

Sweet mango chunks shine in this cooling treat. You get a thick, velvety yogurt base that feels light during hot weather. Slices of fresh fruit add a natural sweetness that makes every spoonful exciting. 

Toasted almonds offer a pleasant crunch that balances the smooth texture of the yogurt. Sprigs of mint bring an aromatic freshness to the presentation. 

Preparing this takes almost no time since you just layer the components in your favorite glass. Serving it immediately keeps the fruit chilled and refreshing.

Ingredients

  • 2 cups plain Greek yogurt
  • 1 tablespoon honey
  • 1 large ripe mango, diced
  • 1/4 cup sliced almonds, toasted
  • Fresh mint leaves for garnish

Instructions

  1. Stir the honey into the Greek yogurt until well combined.
  2. Spoon a layer of mango chunks into the bottom of a glass.
  3. Add a generous portion of the sweetened yogurt on top.
  4. Continue layering the fruit and yogurt until the glass is full.
  5. Garnish with toasted almonds and fresh mint before serving.
NutritionAmount per Serving
Calories220
Protein12g
Carbs28g
Fat7g
Credit:@jainvinnee19


Section 3 — Frozen Treats and Coolers

When the temperature peaks, you need ice. These frozen desserts cool you down immediately.

11. Strawberry Yogurt Bark

This cooling snack offers a healthy way to satisfy your sweet tooth when temperatures rise. You spread thick Greek yogurt onto a tray and scatter fresh strawberry slices across the top. 

A drizzle of melted dark chocolate adds a rich finish that snaps when you take a bite. Freezing the mixture creates satisfying shards that you can easily grab from the freezer.

 It tastes much better than store bought popsicles because you control the fresh ingredients. Kids enjoy breaking the large pieces into smaller bits for snacking. 

Ingredients

  • 2 cups whole milk Greek yogurt
  • 3 tablespoons honey
  • 1 cup fresh strawberries, sliced
  • 1/4 cup dark chocolate chips, melted

Instructions

  1. Line a large baking sheet with parchment paper.
  2. Whisk the Greek yogurt and honey together until smooth.
  3. Spread the mixture onto the tray in a thin layer.
  4. Arrange strawberry slices on top and drizzle with melted chocolate.
  5. Freeze for three hours, then break into shards before serving.
NutritionAmount per Serving
Calories120
Protein8g
Carbs16g
Fat4g

12. Iced Vanilla Latte Popsicles

Cool down with these creamy coffee treats that combine your morning caffeine fix with a sweet frozen snack. You get a smooth blend of bold espresso and sweet vanilla that makes every bite refreshing. 

Swirls of dark coffee mix through the milk base for a visually stunning result. Freezing them in molds provides a grab and go option for busy summer afternoons. 

Everyone who loves a good latte will appreciate the familiar flavors in a new form. Making these requires only a few minutes before you let the freezer do the hard work. 

Ingredients

  • 1 cup strong brewed coffee, chilled
  • 1 1/2 cups whole milk
  • 1/2 cup sweetened condensed milk
  • 1 teaspoon vanilla extract

Instructions

  1. Mix the milk, sweetened condensed milk, and vanilla extract in a pitcher.
  2. Pour the milk mixture into popsicle molds until they are three quarters full.
  3. Add a small amount of chilled coffee into each mold.
  4. Use a wooden stick to swirl the coffee gently for a marbled effect.
  5. Insert the sticks and freeze for at least six hours until solid.
NutritionAmount per Serving
Calories130
Protein3g
Carbs20g
Fat4g

13 Frozen Peanut Butter Banana Bites

These bite-sized snacks satisfy any sweet craving without heating up your kitchen. You spread creamy peanut butter between fresh banana slices to create tiny sandwiches. 

Each piece gets a dip into rich melted chocolate for a smooth coating. Sprinkling chopped nuts or sea salt on top adds a pleasant crunch. 

Keeping a batch in your freezer ensures you always have a quick treat ready to enjoy. Guests love how these snacks taste like mini frozen desserts. 

Ingredients

  • 2 large bananas, sliced into rounds
  • 1/4 cup creamy peanut butter
  • 1 cup dark chocolate chips
  • 1 teaspoon coconut oil
  • Chopped nuts or sea salt for garnish

Instructions

  1. Spread a dab of peanut butter onto a banana slice and top with another slice.
  2. Freeze the banana sandwiches for one hour until solid.
  3. Melt the dark chocolate chips and coconut oil together in the microwave.
  4. Dip the frozen banana bites into the hot chocolate.
  5. Add garnishes immediately and return to the freezer.
NutritionAmount per Serving
Calories180
Protein4g
Carbs18g
Fat12g

14. Mint Chocolate Chip Ice Cream Pie Recipe

Buy your favorite ice cream and upgrade it.

Ingredients

  • 1 quart mint chocolate chip ice cream
  • 1 pre-made Oreo crust
  • 1/2 cup hot fudge sauce
  • 1 cup whipped cream

Instructions

  1. Let the ice cream soften on the kitchen counter for 15 minutes.
  2. Scoop the soft ice cream into the Oreo crust and smooth the top flat.
  3. Freeze the pie for two hours to firm up the ice cream.
  4. Warm the hot fudge sauce and drizzle it generously over the pie.
  5. Pipe the whipped cream around the edges before slicing.
NutrientAmount per Serving
Calories390
Protein5g
Carbs52g
Fat18g

Section 4 — Bite-Sized and Grab-and-Go Snacks

Sometimes you just want a small bite. These snacks require zero utensils and travel perfectly to parks and pools.

15. Edible Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough Recipe

Eat the dough without the risk. We remove the eggs and heat-treat the flour.

Ingredients

  • 1 cup all-purpose flour
  • 1/2 cup unsalted butter, softened
  • 3/4 cup brown sugar
  • 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
  • 1 cup mini chocolate chips

Instructions

  1. Microwave the flour in a bowl for 60 seconds, stirring halfway, to kill any bacteria.
  2. Cream the softened butter and brown sugar together in a separate bowl.
  3. Add the vanilla extract and mix well.
  4. Slowly fold the cooled, heat-treated flour into the butter mixture.
  5. Stir in the mini chocolate chips and roll the dough into bite-sized balls.
NutrientAmount per Serving
Calories220
Protein2g
Carbs28g
Fat12g

16. Rice Krispie Treat Watermelons Recipe

Shape a classic treat into fun summer wedges. Kids love helping with this one.

Ingredients

  • 3 tablespoons butter
  • 1 bag (10 oz) mini marshmallows
  • 6 cups Rice Krispies cereal
  • Red and green food coloring
  • 1/4 cup mini chocolate chips

Instructions

  1. Melt the butter and marshmallows in a large pot.
  2. Divide the melted mixture into two bowls. Dye one bowl green and the other red.
  3. Mix 2 cups of cereal into the green bowl and 4 cups into the red bowl.
  4. Press the green mixture into a ring around the edge of a greased round cake pan.
  5. Press the red mixture into the center, press mini chocolate chips on top, and cut into wedges when cool.
NutrientAmount per Serving
Calories160
Protein1g
Carbs32g
Fat3g

17. Caramel Apple Grapes Recipe

These taste exactly like mini caramel apples, but you use crisp grapes instead.

Ingredients

  • 2 cups large green grapes
  • 1 cup caramel baking bits
  • 1 tablespoon heavy cream
  • 1 cup finely crushed peanuts

Instructions

  1. Wash the grapes and dry them completely with a paper towel. Insert a toothpick into each.
  2. Melt the caramel bits and heavy cream in the microwave until smooth.
  3. Dip the bottom half of each grape into the hot caramel.
  4. Immediately roll the caramel-coated grape in the crushed peanuts.
  5. Place the grapes on a wax paper-lined tray and chill for 20 minutes.
NutrientAmount per Serving
Calories110
Protein3g
Carbs16g
Fat5g

18. Coconut Macaroons (No-Bake Version) Recipe

A chewy, tropical bite that comes together in one single bowl.

Ingredients

  • 2 cups unsweetened shredded coconut
  • 1/3 cup melted coconut oil
  • 1/4 cup pure maple syrup
  • 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
  • 1/4 teaspoon salt

Instructions

  1. Place all ingredients into a large mixing bowl.
  2. Stir everything together until the coconut is thoroughly coated and sticky.
  3. Use a small cookie scoop to portion the mixture tightly.
  4. Release the macaroons onto a parchment-lined baking sheet.
  5. Chill the tray in the refrigerator for 30 minutes to set the coconut oil.
NutrientAmount per Serving
Calories140
Protein1g
Carbs8g
Fat13g

19. Peanut Butter Oatmeal Energy Bites Recipe

Keep these in the fridge for hiking trips or busy afternoons.

Ingredients

  • 1 cup old-fashioned rolled oats
  • 1/2 cup creamy peanut butter
  • 1/3 cup honey
  • 1/4 cup ground flaxseed
  • 1/4 cup mini chocolate chips

Instructions

  1. Dump the oats, peanut butter, honey, flaxseed, and chocolate chips into a bowl.
  2. Stir vigorously until a thick, sticky dough forms.
  3. Chill the bowl in the fridge for 20 minutes so the dough is easier to handle.
  4. Roll the mixture into tight, one-inch balls using your hands.
  5. Store the energy bites in an airtight container in the refrigerator.
NutrientAmount per Serving
Calories160
Protein5g
Carbs18g
Fat9g

20. Chocolate-Dipped Cheesecake Bites Recipe

Freeze small squares of plain cheesecake and cover them in a hard chocolate shell.

Ingredients

  • 1 store-bought plain cheesecake (or leftover slices)
  • 2 cups semi-sweet chocolate chips
  • 2 tablespoons coconut oil
  • Sea salt for sprinkling

Instructions

  1. Cut the cold cheesecake into bite-sized, 1-inch squares.
  2. Freeze the squares on a baking sheet for two hours until completely hard.
  3. Melt the chocolate chips and coconut oil together in the microwave until glossy.
  4. Dunk each frozen cheesecake square into the hot chocolate using a fork.
  5. Sprinkle sea salt on top immediately before the chocolate shell hardens.
NutrientAmount per Serving
Calories240
Protein3g
Carbs20g
Fat18g

21. No-Bake Key Lime Energy Bites

Zesty lime and tropical coconut create a bright, fueling snack that feels light on your stomach. You combine oats with creamy almond butter for a base that provides energy throughout the day. 

Lime juice and zest give every bite a refreshing tang that cuts through the richness of the nut butter. Rolling the mixture into compact balls makes them easy to grab on your way out the door. 

Ingredients

  • 1 1/2 cups rolled oats
  • 1/2 cup almond butter
  • 1/3 cup honey
  • 2 tablespoons fresh key lime juice
  • 1 teaspoon lime zest
  • 1/2 cup shredded coconut

Instructions

  1. Mix the oats, almond butter, honey, lime juice, and zest in a large bowl.
  2. Let the mixture sit in the fridge for 20 minutes to firm up.
  3. Scoop out small amounts of the dough using a spoon.
  4. Roll the portions into tight balls using your hands.
  5. Coat each ball in the shredded coconut and store in a sealed container.
NutritionAmount per Serving
Calories150
Protein4g
Carbs18g
Fat7g

Essential Guides for Perfect No-Bake Desserts

The right techniques elevate your desserts from good to great. Use these guides to master your prep and topping choices.

The No-Bake Crust Guide

The crust makes or breaks a no-bake pie. Here are the best crusts from the recipes above, plus a few extras worth knowing.

  • Classic Graham Cracker — buttery, sweet, works on everything. See Recipe 1.
  • Vanilla Wafer — light and crisp, best on citrus pies. See Recipe 2.
  • Oreo Cookie — rich and dark. The standout crust for peanut butter. See Recipe 3.
  • Digestive Biscuit — rustic and wholesome, great for jarred desserts. See Recipe 5.
  • Pretzel Crust — salty and crunchy, an amazing alternative for chocolate pies.

Pro tip: Buy store-bought crusts to save 15 minutes of prep time. If you make your own, press the crumbs into the pan using the flat bottom of a measuring cup to pack them tightly.

Make-Ahead Guide for Summer Parties

On Thursday, buy your ingredients. Make your pie fillings, layer your icebox cakes, and roll your energy bites on Friday.

  • How long each component keeps: Icebox cakes last 3 days. No-bake cheesecakes last 5 days. Energy bites last 7 days. Frozen items last up to 2 months.
  • For taking desserts to a barbecue: Build trifles in a glass bowl but keep them in an iced cooler during transport. Transport frozen treats inside an insulated bag with dry ice.

No-Bake Dessert Toppings Guide

  • Classic toppings: Whipped cream, fresh berries, chocolate syrup, mini chocolate chips, and crushed nuts.
  • Elevated toppings: Flaky sea salt, toasted coconut flakes, edible flowers, lemon zest, and warm ganache.
  • The crunch layer: Use graham cracker crumbs for classic pies. Use crushed Oreos for chocolate bases. Use toasted pecans for a sophisticated finish.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the best thickener for no-bake pies? It depends on the recipe. Use heavy cream whipped to stiff peaks for cheesecakes. Use sweetened condensed milk combined with citrus juice for icebox pies.

Can I make these ahead of time? Yes, absolutely. Most no-bake desserts actually taste better on day two because the flavors have time to meld together in the fridge.

How do you keep an icebox cake from getting mushy? Do not leave it in the fridge for more than three days. The graham crackers will soften perfectly overnight but will turn to total mush by day four.

What base works best? Graham crackers act as the classic base. Oreos are the richest option. Vanilla wafers work best for fruit-heavy desserts.

How long do no-bake desserts last in the fridge? Generally, they last 3 to 5 days. Keep them tightly covered with plastic wrap to prevent them from absorbing savory fridge odors.

Can I freeze no-bake cheesecake? Yes. Wrap the entire pie tightly in a double layer of plastic wrap and freeze it for up to two months. Thaw it in the fridge overnight before serving.

The Bottom Line

No-bake desserts are the most forgiving recipes on this list. You cannot build one incorrectly. Pick a flavor profile first and build around it if you feel unsure where to start.

Save this list for your next pool party, potluck, or weeknight dinner. You get crowd-pleasing, fast results. Choose a classic cheesecake, load up an icebox cake, or freeze some simple bites. You still get dessert—just without the heat.

Similar Posts

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *